The United States's defence secretary has contradicted President Donald Trump by saying the country's military had no plans to bomb Iranian cultural sites amid threats of retaliation from Tehran over the US assassination of its top military commander, Qassem Soleimani.
Speaking to reporters on Monday, Mark Esper said the US military will "follow the laws of armed conflict".
When pressed if that ruled out hitting cultural sites, Esper said pointedly: "That's the laws of armed conflict".
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In comments that sparked an international outcry, Trump first raised the prospect of attacking cultural sites in a tweet on Saturday and reiterated that view to reporters the next day.
"We have targeted 52 Iranian sites (representing the 52 American hostages taken by Iran many years ago), some at a very high level & important to Iran & Iranian culture, and those targets, and Iran itself, WILL BE HIT VERY FAST AND VERY HARD," he tweeted.
....hundreds of Iranian protesters. He was already attacking our Embassy, and preparing for additional hits in other locations. Iran has been nothing but problems for many years. Let this serve as a WARNING that if Iran strikes any Americans, or American assets, we have.....
....targeted 52 Iranian sites (representing the 52 American hostages taken by Iran many years ago), some at a very high level & important to Iran & the Iranian culture, and those targets, and Iran itself, WILL BE HIT VERY FAST AND VERY HARD. The USA wants no more threats!
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His Twitter message caught administration officials off-guard and prompted immediate condemnation from legal scholars, national security experts and Democratic politicians. But the president stood by his threat on Sunday.
"They're allowed to kill our people. They're allowed to torture and maim our people. They're allowed to use roadside bombs and blow up our people," he told reporters travelling with him on Air Force One.
"And we're not allowed to touch their cultural sites? It doesn't work that way."
'Violation of international law'
The split between the president and his Pentagon chief came amid heightened tensions with Tehran following the US drone strike on Friday that killed Soleimani, the head of Iran's elite Quds Force, near the airport in Iraq's capital, Baghdad.
Soleimani's assassination has sharply escalated tensions with Iran, raising fears of all-out conflict.
Iran has pledged "severe revenge" for the killing while other pro-Iran leaders in the region, including the head of Lebanon's Hezbollah movement Hassan Nasrallah, have also promised to avenge his death.
Washington argues it killed Soleimani in self-defence, aiming to disrupt his plans to attack US personnel and interests.
Attacking cultural sites with military action is considered a war crime under international law, including a United Nations Security Council resolution supported by the Trump administration in 2017 and the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property.
On Monday, the UN's cultural agency reminded the US and Iran that they had signed treaties committing not to harm cultural heritage in the event of armed conflict.
At a meeting with the Iranian ambassador to the Paris-based organisation, UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay said provisions of the 1954 and 1972 conventions, ratified by the US and Iran, should be observed. Iran is home to 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
They include the ancient ruins of Persepolis, the grand mosque of Isfahan, and the Golestan Palace in Tehran, where the last Shah to rule Iran was crowned in 1967.
Outside the Pentagon, Trump's threats were met with condemnation in the US.
"It shows that he is somewhat deranged about this," said Senator Tim Kaine. "The pledge to attack cultural sites, likely, is a violation of international law.”
The threats also drew reaction from the art world.
The Association of Art Museum Directors (AAMD), a body representing 225 art museums in the US, Canada, and Mexico urged that "in the event of hostilities, steps be taken to protect the cultural heritage of both Iran and Iraq."The region is home to unique and irreplaceable artifacts and archaeological sites, and AAMD strongly urges international engagement to protect and preserve our shared cultural heritage," the North American organisation said in a statement.
"The targeting of sites of global cultural heritage is abhorrent to the collective values of our society," museum leaders at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, said.
"At this challenging time, we must remind ourselves of the global importance of protecting cultural sites - the objects and places by which individuals, communities, and nations connect to their history and heritage."
British Prime Minister Boris Johnson also distanced himself from Trump's threats.
"There are international conventions in place that prevent the destruction of cultural heritage," James Slack, Johnson’s official spokesman, told reporters during a briefing on Monday.
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